ʿAbdullāh Frères were pioneers of photography in the second half of the nineteenth century, who contributed considerably to the visual memory of the Ottoman Empire. The three Armenian brothers, who established the studio ...

Adıyaman is a town in present-day southeastern Turkey, in the Euphrates basin south of and beneath the Taurus range, located on the site of the ancient settlement of Pordonnium (Lat.), which probably betrays a local name ...

Ağrı is a province (il) in present-day eastern Turkey, near the border with Iran and south of the plain of Kars. It consists primarily of a fertile plain (alt. c. 1,800 metres) surrounded by mountain slopes. In the Islamic ...

Arapkir (Ott. ʿArapkīr, ʿArapgīr) is a town in present-day eastern Turkey, west of the Upper Euphrates gorge in the Anti-Taurus mountains. From the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, the original town lay on ...

Armenia, grosso modo, is a high tableland which in general character consists of a series of plains separated by wide mountain or hill ridges. However, it is defined essentially by the geographical spread of its native ...

Artvin is a town in the northeast of present-day Turkey, in a mountainous area near the border with the Republic of Georgia, on the Çoruh River. During the Middle Ages, its district, Nigali (Armen. Nigal), belonged to the ...

Samiha (Sāmiḥa) Ayverdi was a Turkish novelist, essayist, autobiographical writer, and literary scholar. In contrast to the laicist and populist outlook of the early Republican period, her works demonstrate a religious ...

Bitlis (Ott. Bidlīs

Cenap Şahabettin (Cenāb Şehāb al-Dīn, 1286–7/1871–1934) was a poet and writer of the Servet-i Fünun (Thervet-i Fünūn, lit., wealth of sciences) movement, a literary movement in Ottoman Turkish literature at the time of a ...